Fire fighting sprinkler systems are an essential component of building safety, designed to suppress and control fires automatically. These systems operate by detecting heat from a fire and discharging water over the affected area, minimizing damage and preventing fire spread. Below are the key specifications of fire fighting sprinkler systems, covering their types, components, design criteria, and performance standards.
Types of Fire Sprinkler Systems
Fire sprinkler systems are categorized based on their design and application:
- Wet Pipe System: Contains water in the pipes at all times, releasing it immediately when a sprinkler head is activated. Ideal for buildings with a controlled climate.
- Dry Pipe System: Contains pressurized air or nitrogen in the pipes, which is expelled before water is released. Suitable for cold environments where freezing is a concern.
- Deluge System: Uses open sprinkler heads connected to a water supply, activated by a separate detection system. Used in high-hazard areas where rapid fire spread is a risk.
- Pre-action System: Requires two triggers (detection system and sprinkler activation) before releasing water. Commonly used in data centers and museums to prevent accidental discharge.
Components of a Fire Fighting Sprinkler System
A fire sprinkler system consists of multiple critical components:
Sprinkler Heads: Heat-sensitive devices that discharge water upon reaching a set temperature.
Piping Network: Carries water from the supply to the sprinkler heads. Can be steel, copper, or CPVC.
Control Valves: Regulate water flow and enable system maintenance. Includes main shut-off valves and alarm valves.
Water Supply: Can be from a municipal connection, fire pump, or dedicated storage tanks.
Fire Pump: Boosts water pressure for large or high-rise buildings.
Alarm System: Activates when a sprinkler discharges, alerting occupants and emergency responders.
Design Criteria and Standards
The performance of a fire sprinkler system depends on its design parameters. Some key factors include:
Coverage Area Typically 130-225 square feet per sprinkler head, depending on hazard level.
Operating Temperature: 135°F to 500°F (57°C to 260°C), varying based on sprinkler type.
Water Flow Rate: Minimum 0.1 to 0.6 gallons per minute (GPM) per square foot, depending on occupancy hazard classification.
Pipe Pressure: Typically ranges from 7 psi to 60 psi, depending on system size and water source.
Response Time Index (RTI): Measured in (m−1/2s−1/2), categorizing standard response (>80), fast response (50-80), and quick response (<50).
Hazard Classifications and Required Water Density
The water discharge rate depends on the hazard level of the area being protected:
| Hazard Classification | Example Areas | Water Density (GPM/sq. ft) |
| Light Hazard | Offices, Schools, Hospitals | 0.10-0.15 |
| Ordinary Hazard (Group 1) | Retail Stores, Parking Garages | 0.15-0.20 |
| Ordinary Hazard (Group 2) | Factories, Warehouses | 0.20-0.30 |
| Extra Hazard (Group 1) | Chemical Plants, Printing Facilities | 0.30-0.40 |
| Extra Hazard (Group 2) | Aircraft Hangars, Power Plants | 0.40-0.60 |
How Fire Sprinkler Heads Work
All fire sprinkler heads share common components:
- Sealing Assembly: Prevents water from escaping until activation.
- Heat-Sensitive Element: Triggers the sprinkler at a specific temperature.
- Deflector: Directs water to cover the intended area.
- Frame: Holds all components together.
Sprinklers activate when their heat-sensitive element—either a glass bulb or a fusible link—reacts to heat. Glass bulbs contain a glycerin-based liquid that expands and shatters the bulb at a designated temperature (e.g., 155°F or 200°F). Fusible link sprinklers use a metal alloy that melts under heat, allowing water to flow.
Sprinklers come in two standard sizes:
- 1/2″ (12.7 mm): Common in offices, schools, and hotels.
- 3/4″ (19.3 mm): Used in high-risk environments requiring greater water flow.
Fire Sprinkler Bulb Temperature Ratings
Sprinklers activate at specific temperature thresholds, identified by color-coded bulbs or paint markings:
| Bulb Color | Activation Temperature (F°/C°) |
| Orange | 135°F (57°C) |
| Red | 155°F (68°C) |
| Yellow | 175°F (79°C) |
| Green | 200°F (93°C) |
| Blue | 286°F (141°C) |
| Purple | 360°F (182°C) |
STRUCTURAL STEEL WORK – FABRICATION AND ERECTION SCOPE:
This specification covers the supply, fabrication, transportation to Site and erection on prepared foundations, structural steel Work consisting of columns, beams, flooring, hand railing etc. for pipe racks, Equipment, supporting structures, platforms, etc.
APPLICABLE CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS:
The following specification, standards and codes shall be part of this specification. All standards, specifications, codes of practice referred to herein shall be the latest editions including all applicable official amendments and revisions.
Standard Response vs. Quick Response Sprinklers
- Quick Response (QR): Used in hotels, dormitories, and public spaces. Features a smaller (3mm) glass bulb for faster activation, giving occupants more time to escape.
- Standard Response (SR): Found in commercial and industrial settings, prioritizing building protection over human evacuation.
K-Factor and Water Discharge Rate
The K-factor determines the water flow rate. A higher K-factor allows for greater water discharge at a given pressure.
| K-Factor | Typical Use Case |
| 5.6K | Standard environments (offices, apartments) |
| 8.0K | High-risk environments (garages, warehouses) |
| 11.2K+ | Extra hazard locations (industrial facilities) |
Types of Fire Sprinkler Heads
1. Pendent Type Sprinklers
- Overview: Hangs from ceiling pipes and sprays water in a dome-shaped pattern.
- Common Uses: Offices, schools, hotels, residential buildings.
- Notable Models: Viking VK3021, Tyco TY323, Victaulic V2708.
- Special Features:
- Some models include corrosion-resistant coatings for humid environments.
- Can be installed with escutcheons for aesthetic appeal.
2. Upright Sprinklers
- Overview: Installed with the deflector facing upward, designed for areas where obstructions prevent pendent sprinkler use.
- Common Uses: Warehouses, industrial spaces, open-ceiling structures.
- Notable Models: Viking VK2001, Victaulic V3402.
- Special Features:
- Suitable for dry-pipe systems in freezing environments.
- Some models include corrosion-resistant coatings.
3. Sidewall Sprinklers
- Overview: Installed along walls or under beams where ceiling piping isn’t feasible.
- Common Uses: Hallways, hotel rooms, restaurants.
- Notable Models: Tyco TY3331, Viking VK305, Victaulic V27.
- Special Features: Horizontal sidewall sprinklers require smooth ceilings for optimal operation. Available with protective coatings against corrosion.
4. Concealed Sprinklers
- Overview: Installed behind a decorative cover plate that detaches when heat reaches a certain level.
- Common Uses: Hotels, offices, luxury apartments.
- Notable Models: Victaulic V3802, Senju SS2521, Tyco RFII.
- Special Features:
- Cover plates are customizable to match interior aesthetics.
- Requires replacement of the cover plate after activation.
MATERIALS:
- IS 102 Ready Mixed Paint, Brushing, Red Lead, non-setting, Priming.
- IS 449 The Use of Structural Steel in Building.
- IS 639 Covered Electrodes for the Manual Metal Arc Welding of Mild Steel and Medium Tensile Steel.
- IS 800 Codes of Practice for Use of Structural Steel in General Building Construction.
- IS 801 Code of Practice for Use of Cold Formed Light Gauge Steel Structural Members in General Building Construction.
- IS 806 Code of Practice for Use of Steel Tubes in General Building Construction.
- IS 808 Rolled Steel Beam, Channel and Angle Sections
- IS 814 Specifications for Covered Electrodes for Metal Arc Welding for Mild Steel.
- IS 816 Code of Practice for use of Metal Arc Welding for General Construction.
- IS 817 Code of Practice for Training and Testing of Metal Arc Welders.
- IS 823 Code of Procedure for Manual Metal Arc Welding of Mild Steel.
- IS 871 Code of Practice for Structural Safety of Building – Loading Standards.
- IS 919 Recommendations for Limits and Fits for Engineering.
- IS 961 Structural Steel (High Tensile).
- IS 1083 Precision Hexagonal Bolts, Screws and Nuts (BSW & BSF Threads).
- IS 1148 Rivet Bars for Structural Purposes.
- IS 1149 High Tensile Rivet Bars for Structural Purposes.
- IS 1181 Qualifying Tests for Metal Arc Welders (engaged in welding structures other than pipes).
- IS 1182 Recommended Practice for Radiographic examination of Fusion – Welded Butt Joins in Steel Plates.
- IS 1334 Code of Practice for Magnetic Particle Flaw Detection of Welds
- IS 1363 Black Hexagonal Bolts, Nuts and Lock Nuts (diameter 6 to 39 mm) and Black Hexagonal Screws (diameter 6 to 24 mm)
- IS 1364 Precision and Semi-Precision Hexagonal Bolts, Screws, Nuts and Lock Nuts (diameter 6 to 39 mm).
- IS 1367 Technical Supply Conditions for Threaded Fasteners.
- IS 1477 Code of Practice for Painting of Ferrous Metals in Buildings and Allied Finishes.
- IS 1812 Specification for Rolling and Cutting Tolerances for Hot Rolled Steel Products.
- IS 1893 Recommendations for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures.
- IS 1977 Structural Steel (Ordinary Quality)
- IS 2016 Plain Washers.
- IS 2062 Structural Steel (Fusion Welding Quality)
- IS 2074 Ready Mixed Paint, Red Oxide Zinc Chrome and Priming.
- IS 2191 Code of Practice for Radiographic Testing.
- IS 3139 High Strength Friction Grip Bolts for Structural Engineering.
- IS 3613 Acceptance Tests for Wire Flux Combinations for Submerged-Arc Welding.
- IS 3618 Code of Practice for Liquid Penetrant Flaw Detection.
- IS 3717 High Tensile Friction Grip Fasteners for Structural Engineering Purposes.
- IS 4000 Code of Practice for Assembly of Structural Joints using High Tensile Friction Grip Fasteners.
- IS 4313 Recommendations for Submerged Arc Welding of Mild Steel and Low Alloy Steels.
- IS 7201 Safety code of Erection of Structural Steel Work.
- IS 7211 Tolerances for Fabrication of Steel Structures.
- ASTM A6 General Requirements for Delivery of Rolled Steel Plates, Shapes, Sheet Pilling and Bars for Structural Use.
- ASTM A321 High Strength Steel Bolts for Structural Joints.
- ASTM E94 Recommended Practice for Radiographic Testing.
- ASTM E109 Dry Powder Magnetic Particle Inspection.
- ASTM E138 Wet Magnetic Particle Inspection.
- ASTM E161 Liquid Penetrant Inspection.
- AWS: Standard Code of Welding in Building Construction.
- AWS A-1.1 Specification for Mild Steel Covered Arc Welding Electrodes.
- AWS A-1.17 Specification for Bare Mild Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding.
- AISC: Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel for Buildings.
- BS 3294: The Use of High Strength Friction Grip Bolts in Structural Steel Work.
- Research Council on Riveted and Bolted Structural Joints – Specification for Structural Joints using ASTM A321 or A 490 Bolts.
Fire Protection System
SCOPE
This specification covers the design, engineering, supply, fabrication, transportation, installation, testing & commissioning of fire protection system and preparation necessary drawings and documents and obtain necessary statutory approvals on drawings and constructed firefighting systems.
M/s. Flair Pharma is intended to set a formulation facility, desirous to have a fire protection system implemented as per the prevailing rules and regulations of the land. The designer has taken paramount interest in seeing that the unit is protected properly. The system will be designed as per the recommendations given by the consultant, and as per local statutory norms.
This plant given as moderate / ordinary hazard for entire plant following are the system proposed for this plant -:
a) Fire Sprinkler System
REFERENCES AND CONSIDERATIONS:
The following are the references and assumptions considered for making this document:
- The user requirement specifications for this facility are given as per the details provided by the Consultants.
LIST OF RELEVANT STANDARDS: –
| Sr. No. | Standard No. | Description |
| 1. | NBC 2016 | Part 4 – Fire & Life Safety |
| 2. | IS:388 | Hose Tubing |
| 3. | IS:554 | Dimensions for pipe threads where pressure tight joints are required on the threads |
| 4. | IS: 636 | Flexible Fire Fighting Delivery Hose |
| 5. | IS:778 | Copper alloy gate, globe and check valves for water work Purposes. |
| 6. | IS:780 | Sluice valves for water-works purposes (50mm to 300mm) |
| 7. | IS:901 | Couplings, double male and double females, instantaneous Pattern for Fire Fighting |
| 8. | IS:903 | Fire hose delivery couplings, branch pipe, nozzles and Nozzle spanner |
| 9. | IS:940 | Portable fire extinguishers water type (Gas Pressure) |
| 10. | IS:1239 | Mild steel tubes, tabular and other wrought steel fittings (Part I & II) |
| 11. | IS:3589 | Mild Steel Pipes of sizes above 150mm dia. |
| 12. | IS: 3844 | Internal Fire Hydrant |
| 13. | IS:3876 | Swinging type wall mounted hose reel with drum |
| 14. | IS:4038 | Specification for foot valves for water works purposes |
| 15. | IS: 5290 | Specification for Landing Valve |
| 16. | IS:5312 | Non-return valve |
| 17. | IS:8442 | Water monitor |
| 18. | IS:10001 | Diesel Engine |
| 19. | IS: 10221 | Wrapping and Coating of Mild Steel Pipes |
| 20. | IS: 15105 | Sprinkler System |
| 21. | IS: 15325 | Water Spray System |
| 22. | Fire Manual | Fire Protection Manual TAC |
Specifications of the Different Equipment’s of the Sprinkler System
OS & Y Valve
- Name : OS & Y Valve Flange End 150#
- Tag No. : *
- Type : OS & Y Valve, Indian Standard PN 1.6 (16 KG/SQ.CM)
- Design Standard : •
- Dimension Standard : ANSI B16.1
- Flange Drilling : ANSI B16.5
- Rating : 150#
- Make : As mentioned in BOQ
- Model No. : *
- Service : Water
- Op. Temperature – Min/Max (°C) : Ambient
- Op. Pressure – Min/Max (kg/cm²(g)) : *
- Rated Pressure of Valve, minimum required – (kg/cm²(g)) : 16
- End : Flanged RF
Material of Construction OS & Y Valve
- Body : *
- Bonnet : *
- Disc : *
- Stem : *
- Gland Flange : *
- Gland Packing : *
- Gasket : *
- Hand wheel : *
- Hardware : *
Non Return Valve
- Name : Check Valve Flange End 150#
- Tag No. : *
- Type : *
- Design Standard : *
- Dimension Standard : ANSI B16.5
- Make : As mentioned in BOQ
- Model No. : *
- Service : Water
- Op. Temperature – Min/Max (°C) : Ambient
- Op. Pressure – Min/Max (kg/cm²(g)) : -1/10
- Rated Pressure of Valve, minimum required – (kg/cm²(g)) : 16
- Test Pressure as per API 6D :
- Body –Hydraulic (kg/cm²(g)) : *
- Seat –Hydraulic (kg/cm²(g)) : *
- End : *
- Flange rating : ANSI B16.5,ASA 150#
- Material of Construction
- Body : *
- Seating : *
- Disc : *
- Hinge : *
- Trim : *
- Sealing Ring : *
- O ring : *
Air Release Valve
- Name : Stainless Steel, Air Release valve, Flange End 150#
- Tag No. : *
- Type : Single ball type
- Make : As mentioned in BOQ
- Model No. : *
- Service : Water
- Vacuum : Full
- Vapour : N.A.
- Op. Temperature – Min/Max (°C) : Ambient
- Op. Pressure – Min/Max (kg/cm²(g)) : *
- Rated Pressure of Valve, minimum required – (kg/cm²(g)) : *
- End : 1″ BSP ( M ) threaded
- Material of Construction
- Body : *
- Seating : *
- Ball : *
Butterfly Valve
- Name : Wafer Type 150#
- Tag No. : *
- Type : Up to 150 NB lever operated and
- Above 150 NB Gear operated with tamper switch
- Design Standard : *
- Dimension Standard : *
- Flange Drilling : ANSI B16.5
- Rating : 150#
- Make : As mentioned in BOQ
- Model No. : *
- Service : Water
- Vacuum : Full
- Vapour : N.A.
- Op. Temperature – Min/Max (°C) : Ambient
- Op. Pressure – Min/Max (kg/cm²(g)) : *
- Test Pressure as per API 598 :
Body –Hydraulic (kg/cm²(g)) : 31
Seat –Hydraulic (kg/cm²(g)) : 23
Seat – Pneumatic (kg/cm²(g)) : 7
End : Flanged RF
Material of Construction
- Body : *
- Bonnet : *
- Disc : *
- Stem : *
- Gland Flange : *
- Gland Packing : *
- Gasket : *
- Lever : *
- Hardware : *
Pressure Gauge
Make : As mentioned in List of Make
General
Type : Bourdon Sensing Pressure Gauge, Glycerin Filled
Dial Size : 150 mm ( 6”)
Case : Weatherproof IP-65, Die cast Aluminum Material
Glass : Toughened , Shatterproof
Pointer : Micrometer type , Aluminum Black Colored
Zero Adjustment : Required externally
Accuracy : ± 1% of FSD
Dial : Single Black marking on white background
Bezel Ring : Screwed type/Bayonet Type
Process Connections : 1/ 2″ BSPT (M)
Pressure Range : 0 to 16 Kg/cm2 (g)
Over Range Protection : 130 % Of Range span
Blow Out Disc : Required ( Neoprene )
Material
Bourdon : SS 316
Socket : SS 316
Movement : SS 304
Case : Die Cast Aluminum
Bezel Ring : Die Cast Aluminum
Accessories : For requirement refer attached annexure
Syphon : ½” BSPT (F) x ½” BSPT (M), Pig Tail, SS 304
Snubber : ½” BSPT (M) x ½” BSPT (F), SS 304
Pressure Switch
Make : As mentioned in List of Make
SWITCH
Type : Diaphragm / Bourdon Sensing Pressure Switch
Range : 0-20 Kg/cm2(g)
Dead Band : ± 0.5% Adjustable.
Contact : SPDT Snap acting micro switch
Contact rating : 2A, at 24VDC
Process Connection : 1/2” BSPT
Cable Entry : ½” NPT(F)
Accuracy : ± 0.5% of RANGE.
Housing : Whether proof IP 65
Service conditions : Water
MATERIAL
Housing : Die Cast Aluminum, Epoxy Painted
Diaphragm/ Bourdon : SS 316
Wetted parts : SS 316
Fill fluid : *
Y Strainer
General
- Type : Y
- PN Rating : 16 to 25
- Size : As per BOQ
- MATERIAL
- Housing : Cast Iron
- Filter Material : SS 304 with 5mm mesh
Basket Type Strainer
General
- Type : Basket/Pot type
- PN Rating : 16
- Size : 200 mm and above
MATERIAL
- Housing : Cast Iron / (MS Fabricated for 300mm and above)
- Filter Material : SS 304
- Screen Size 0.5mm
Flowmeter:
- Make : Electromagnetic type
- MOC : AISI 304
- Temperature Rating : Up to 250 deg C
- Measuring Range : 1 to 700 m3/hr.
- Connection : Flange ASA/BS
- Rotor Chamber : AISI 304
- Turbine Rotor : AISI 304
- Shaft : Tungsten Carbide
- Washer : PTFE
- Bearing Bush : Tungsten Carbide
- Magnetic pick up coil sensor : SS
Pressure Relief Valve
General
- Type : Pilot & Self Actuated
- External Body : Cast Steel to ASTM A 216, Grade 65-45-12
- Seat : CF8M ASTM A 351
- Internal Body : SS
- Size : As per BOQ
- Finish Hot-dipped, Galvanized conforming to ASTM A153
Pressure Reducing Valve
General
- Type : Pilot & Self Actuated
- External Body : Ductile Iron ASTM A536
- Seat : Bronze ASTM B 176
- Disc : Buna-N Rubber
- Stem : Stainless Steel
- Spring : Stainless Steel
- Flanges : CLASS 300 – ANSI B16.42
- Size : As per BOQ
- Finish : Epoxy Coated, FDA Approved
SPRINKLER & ACCESSORIES
SPRINKLER
- Make : Refer Tender BOQ
- Approvals : UL or FM
- Max Working Pressure : 175 psi (12.1 bar)
- K – factor : K 80 / K 115
- Temperature Rating : 68°C
- Finishes : Chrome Plated
- Frame : BRONZE
- BULB : GLASS
- Deflector : BRONZE
- Type : Upright, Pendent & Concealed
Alarm valve
- Make Refer Tender BOQ
- Application : Positive Operation For Alarm Valve
- Type : Single acting
- Fluid : Fire water
- Size : 150NB
- Maximum Pressure : 17.5 bar
- Material of construction
- Body : DI
- Trim : Galvanised Fittings with Brass Valve
- Washer : Rubber
- End Connection : Flanged
- Certificate : All Material to be supplied should be new and with necessary approval certificates along with Manufacturers Test Certificates duly signed and stamped, no material supplied will be acceptable without these documents.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the technical specifications of a fire hydrant?
Answer: Fire hydrants are designed to provide water supply for firefighting. Their specifications include:
Type: Wet barrel or dry barrel
Outlet Connections: 2.5-inch (65 mm) and 4.5-inch (115 mm) standard
Operating Pressure: 1.4 to 3.5 bar (20 to 50 psi)
Flow Rate: 1,000–2,500 GPM (gallons per minute)
Material: Cast iron or ductile iron
Valve Type: Compression, slide gate, or ball type
Coating: Corrosion-resistant epoxy coatings
What are the NFPA 13 sprinkler clearance requirements?
Answer: Ceiling Clearance: Minimum 36 inches (914 mm) for storage exceeding 12 feet
Sidewall Sprinkler Clearance: At least 4 inches (102 mm) from walls
Obstruction Requirements: No blockage within 18 inches around the sprinkler
What are the 4 types of sprinkler systems?
Answer: Wet Pipe System: Pipes contain water at all times, activated immediately.
Dry Pipe System: Pipes contain pressurized air, releasing water upon activation.
Pre-action System: A two-step activation system preventing accidental discharge.
Deluge System: All sprinklers discharge water simultaneously upon activation.
What is the NFPA standard for fire hydrant system?
Answer: NFPA 24: Standard for the installation of private fire service mains.
NFPA 291: Fire flow testing and marking of hydrants.
What is the pressure of a sprinkler pump in KG?
Answer: Typically 7–10 kg/cm² (100–140 psi), depending on system requirements.
What is the maximum distance of a fire hydrant?
Answer: NFPA 1 & NFPA 24: 250 ft (76 m) maximum distance between hydrants.
For buildings: 50–100 ft (15–30 m) from a hydrant.
What are the NFPA hydrant ratings?
Answer: Red: Below 500 GPM
Orange: 500–999 GPM
Green: 1,000–1,499 GPM
Blue: 1,500 GPM or more
What is the best type of sprinkler?
Answer: Pendent Sprinklers: Best for commercial ceilings.
Upright Sprinklers: Ideal for industrial areas.
Sidewall Sprinklers: Best for corridors and small rooms.
What size are fire sprinkler heads?
Answer: Standard Size: ½-inch (12.7 mm) or ¾-inch (19 mm)
Flow Rates: Varies between 15-25 GPM
What is a Category 4 sprinkler system?
Answer: A high-risk system for hazardous materials and industrial facilities.
What is the 18 sprinkler rule?
Answer: NFPA 13 requirement: Maintain an 18-inch clearance between sprinkler heads and storage items.
What is the distance between sprinklers?
Answer: Standard Spacing: 10 to 15 ft (3–4.5 m) apart.
Maximum Distance: 15 ft (4.5 m).
What NFPA standard applies to fire sprinklers?
Answer: NFPA 13: Standard for installation of sprinkler systems.
What is the color code of a fire hydrant?
Answer: NFPA 291:
Red: < 500 GPM
Orange: 500–999 GPM
Green: 1,000–1,499 GPM
Blue: ≥ 1,500 GPM
What is NFPA fire rating?
Answer: Fire rating is based on NFPA 704 (Hazardous Materials Identification):
0-4 scale for health, flammability, and reactivity.
What is the MS standard for hydrants?
Answer: MS 1397: Malaysian Standard for fire hydrants.
How is NFPA rating calculated?
Answer: NFPA 704 Diamond System:
Blue: Health (0–4)
Red: Flammability (0–4)
Yellow: Reactivity (0–4)
White: Special hazards
What is SDS?
Answer: Safety Data Sheet (SDS): Document detailing hazardous substances and safety measures.
What is a good fire rating?
Answer: Fire Resistance Rating (FRR):
1-hour, 2-hour, 3-hour, or 4-hour fire resistance levels.
What class of fire extinguisher?
Answer: Class A: Combustibles (wood, paper)
Class B: Flammable liquids
Class C: Electrical fires
Class D: Metal fires
Class K: Cooking oils
What paint is used on fire hydrants?
Answer: Enamel-based, UV-resistant epoxy paint for corrosion protection.
How much water is in a fire hydrant?
Answer: Depends on local pressure; average hydrants provide 500–2,500 GPM.